Various scattering media, such as cloud, haze, turbid solution, biological soft tissue, frosted glass, are widely present in nature and daily life. Seeing into and through scattering media has always been a hotspot in research. However, light field propagation in the medium is extremely complex and cannot be accurately described. Despite of the development of a variety of techniques, such as wavefront shaping, optical phase conjugation, scattering matrix measurement, speckle autocorrelation and deconvolution, it still remains at the stage of proof-of-concept with thin scattering media in laboratory.

In recent years, with the development of micro-nano optics research, lensless imaging systems based on micro-nano structured diffusers have attracted extensive attention. Unlike the point-to-point imaging method used in traditional imaging systems, the lensless imaging system replaces the traditional lens with diffusers, directly recording the object's encoded pattern on the sensor. The object's information is then recovered through postprocessing algorithms. Due to the lack of a lens, lensless imaging systems have lower manufacturing costs, and can greatly reduce the size and weight of the system, making them suitable for small and portable devices. Recently, using disordered scattering media as imaging lenses or encoding diffusers, significant progress has been made in scattering media imaging, super-resolution imaging and wide-field holography.

The ability to characterize static and time-dependent electric fields in situ with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution has profound applications for both fundamental science and technology. Precision sensing of electric fields and forces that couple to charge is the most direct way to search for deviations from Coulomb's law, which may be motivated by the presence of new forces under which dark matter could be charged. In addition, low-frequency electric field sensors are widely used in many fields such as geophysical exploration, electrical equipment detection and underwater communication.

Terahertz (THz) waves are known as electromagnetic waves located between infrared rays and microwaves, and THz technology has made significant advances in biomedicine, non-destructive testing, imaging, and high-speed wireless communications. However, the lack of modulators is still one of the bottlenecks in the development of THz technology. Recently, researchers adopted metasurfaces based on tunable materials to solve this problem. Graphene is a two-dimensional tunable material. Since the band structure and optical properties of graphene can be modulated by applying a gate voltage, graphene becomes a good tunable optoelectronic material. Graphene-based active metasurfaces have the advantages of fast tuning speed, high transmittance, ultra-small thickness, and good response to THz waves due to intra-band transitions, which offer great application potential for THz wavefront control.