Researching | WLXB Volume 68 Issue 8,2019

Journals >Acta Physica Sinica

Contents

2019

Volume: 68 Issue 8

30 Article(s)

Export citation format

Experimental result of back-streaming white neutron beam characterization at Chinese spallation neutron source

Jie Bao, Yong-Hao Chen, Xian-Peng Zhang, Guang-Yuan Luan, Jie Ren, Qi Wang, Xi-Chao Ruan, Kai Zhang, Qi An, Huai-Yong Bai, Ping Cao, Qi-Ping Chen, Pin-Jing Cheng, Zeng-Qi Cui, Rui-Rui Fan, Chang-Qing Feng, Min-Hao Gu, Feng-Qin Guo, Chang-Cai Han, Zi-Jie Han, Guo-Zhu He, Yong-Cheng He, Yue-Feng He, Han-Xiong Huang, Wei-Ling Huang, Xi-Ru Huang, Xiao-Lu Ji, Xu-Yang Ji, Hao-Yu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Han-Tao Jing, Ling Kang, Ming-Tao Kang, Chang-Lin Lan, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shu-Bin Liu, Xing-Yan Liu, Ying-Lin Ma, Chang-Jun Ning, Yang-Bo Nie, Bin-Bin Qi, Zhao-Hui Song, Hong Sun, Xiao-Yang Sun, Zhi-Jia Sun, Zhi-Xin Tan, Hong-Qing Tang, Jing-Yu Tang, Peng-Cheng Wang, Tao-Feng Wang, Yan-Feng Wang, Zhao-Hui Wang, Zheng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhong-Wei Wen, Qing-Biao Wu, Xiao-Guang Wu, Xuan Wu, Li-Kun Xie, Yi-Wei Yang, Yi Yang, Han Yi, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yong-Ji Yu, Guo-Hui Zhang, Jing Zhang, Lin-Hao Zhang, Li-Ying Zhang, Qing-Min Zhang, Qi-Wei Zhang, Yu-Liang Zhang, Zhi-Yong Zhang, Ying-Tan Zhao, Liang Zhou, Zu-Ying Zhou, Dan-Yang Zhu, Ke-Jun Zhu, and Peng Zhu

The Chinese spallation neutron source was completed in May 2018 and then subsequently commissioned. The Back-streaming white neutron beam line can be used in neutron nuclear data measurement, neutron physics research, and nuclear technology. In these experiments, it is necessary to know the neutron energy spectrum, the

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 080101-1 (2019)

Determination of the symmetry of the highest occupied molecular orbitals of SF₆

Rui-Qi Wu, Ying-Chun Guo, and Bing-Bing Wang

Quantum chemical calculation is an important method to investigate the molecular structures for multi-atom molecules. The determination of electronic configurations and the accurate description of the symmetry of molecular orbitals are critical for understanding molecular structures. For the molecules belonging to high

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 080201-1 (2019)

Effects of linear Zeeman splitting on the dynamics of bright solitons in spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates

Lin Wen, Yi Liang, Jing Zhou, Peng Yu, Lei Xia, Lian-Bin Niu, and Xiao-Fei Zhang

Solitons as self-supported solitary waves are one of the most fundamental objects in nonlinear science. With the realization of Bose-Einstein condensate, matter-wave solitons have aroused enormous interest due to their potential applications in atomic transport and atomic interferometer. In recent years, the artificial Solitons as self-supported solitary waves are one of the most fundamental objects in nonlinear science. With the realization of Bose-Einstein condensate, matter-wave solitons have aroused enormous interest due to their potential applications in atomic transport and atomic interferometer. In recent years, the artificial spin-orbit coupling has been realized in ultracold atoms, thus providing a new platform to study the nonlinear matter wave solitons under a gauge field, and a variety of novel soliton phenomena have been successively predicted. In this paper, we analyze the effects of linear Zeeman splitting on the dynamics of bright-bright solitons in spin-orbit coupled two-component Bose-Einstein condensate, via the variational approximation and the numerical simulation of Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations. For the SU(2) spin-rotational invariant attractive atomic interaction in a uniform case without external trap, we take a hyperbolic secant function as the variational Ansatz for bright soliton in variational approximation, and derive the Euler-Lagrange equations describing the evolution of the Ansatz parameters. By solving the time-independent Euler-Lagrange equations, we find two stationary solitons each with a finite momentum for a weak spin-orbit coupling due to the linear Zeeman splitting. Linearizing the Euler-Lagrange equations around these stationary solitons, we further obtain a zero-energy Goldstone mode and an oscillation mode with frequency related to linear Zeeman splitting: the former indicates that the continuous translational symmetry of the stationary solitons will be broken under a perturbation, and the later shows that the stationary solitons will oscillate under a perturbation. Furthermore, by solving the time-dependent Euler-Lagrange equations, we also obtain the exact full dynamical solutions of Ansatz parameters, and observe that the linear Zeeman splitting affects the period and velocity of soliton's oscillation and linear motion, which may provide a new method to control the dynamics of solitons. All the variational calculations are also confirmed directly by the numerical simulation of GP equations..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 080301-1 (2019)

Detection and parameter estimation of weak pulse signal based on strongly coupled Duffing oscillators

Bao-Feng Cao, Peng Li, Xiao-Qiang Li, Xue-Qin Zhang, Wang-Shi Ning, Rui Liang, Xin Li, Miao Hu, and Yi Zheng

Pulse signal detection is widely used in nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse detection, lightning signal detection, power system partial discharge detection, electrostatic discharge detection, and other fields. The signal strength becomes weak with the increase of the detection distance and may be submerged in stro Pulse signal detection is widely used in nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse detection, lightning signal detection, power system partial discharge detection, electrostatic discharge detection, and other fields. The signal strength becomes weak with the increase of the detection distance and may be submerged in strong Gaussian noise for remote detection. Therefore, the detection and recovery of the weak signals, especially the weak pulse signals, have important applications in signal processing area. Some methods have been reported to detect and estimate weak pulse signals in strong background noise. Coupled Duffing oscillators are usually used in processing periodic signals, though it is still in an exploration stage for aperiodic transient signals. There remain some problems to be solved, for example, the system performance depends on some initial values, results are valid only for the period-doubling bifurcation state, the waveform time domain information cannot be accurately estimated, etc. In this paper, we explain the reasons why there exist these inherent defects in the current weakly coupled Duffing oscillators. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a new signal detection and recovery model is constructed, which is characterized by coupling the restoring force and damping force of the two oscillators simultaneously. A large coupling coefficient is applied to the two Duffing oscillators, and a generalized " in-well out-of-synchronization”phenomenon arises between the oscillators which conduces to detecting and recovering the weak pulse signals, and also overcoming the defects mentioned above. Using the metrics of signal-to-noise ratio improvement (SNRI) and waveform similarity, the effects of amplitude and period of periodic driving force, coupling coefficient, step size and damping coefficient on signal detection and waveform recovery are studied. Finally, experiments are performed to detect and recover the following three kinds of pulses: square wave pulses, double exponential pulses, and Gaussian derivative pulses. The input SNR thresholds of these three waveforms are –15, –12, and –16 dB, respectively, under the detection probabilities and waveform similarity all being greater than 0.9 simultaneously. The maximum error of the pulse amplitude and pulse width are both less than 5% of their corresponding true values. In summary, the strongly coupled Duffing system has advantages of being able to operate in any phase-space state and being no longer limited by the initial values. Especially, the time domain waveform of weak pulse signals can be well recovered in the low SNR case, and the error and the minimum mean square error are both very low..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 080501-1 (2019)

Dynamics studies of O⁺ + H₂→ OH⁺ + H reaction

Mei-Ling Yuan, and Wen-Tao Li

In the present work, the long-range interaction potential part of potential energy surface (PES) of OH2+ system is revised and the new resulting PES apparently is more reasonable than the old one in the long-range part. Based on the new PES, the dynamics calculations of O+ +H2→ OH+ + H reaction are carried out at a sta In the present work, the long-range interaction potential part of potential energy surface (PES) of OH₂⁺ system is revised and the new resulting PES apparently is more reasonable than the old one in the long-range part. Based on the new PES, the dynamics calculations of O⁺ +H₂→ OH⁺ + H reaction are carried out at a state-to-state level of theory by using time-dependent quantum wave packet method with second order split operator in a collision energy range from 0.01 to 1.0 eV. The dynamic properties such as reaction probability, ro-vibrational resolved statereaction probability, integral cross section, differential cross section, and state specific rate constant are calculated and compared with available theoretical and experimental results. The results of ro-vibrational resolved state reaction probability reflect some dynamic properties such as resonances which is attributed to the deep well located on the reaction path. The vibrational resolved state reaction probability indicates that the excitation efficiency of the OH⁺ product is relatively low. The results of integral cross sections indicate that the present results are in better agreement with the experimental values than with previous theoretical calculations, especially in the low collision energy region. However, the state specific rate constant results underestimate the experimental values. The comparison betweenour calculations and the experimental results indicates that the contribution of the rotational excitation of H₂ molecule should be included in the calculations. However, only the initial state v = 0, j = 0 is calculated in the present work. We suppose that the deviation of the present results from the experimental data is due to the fact that the rotational excitation of reactant isnot included in the present calculation. The differential cross section signals indicate that the complex-forming reaction mechanism isdominated in the case of low collision energy, but it transforms into abstract reaction mechanism as the collision energy further increases..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 083401-1 (2019)

Design and experimental analysis of W-band extended interaction klystron amplifier

Zao-Jin Zeng, Lin-Lin Hu, Qiao-Sheng Ma, Yi Jiang, and Hong-Bin Chen

Beam loading is an important parameter in extended interaction klystron, which can be used to analyze the influence of beam on resonant frequency and ohm loss Q, and study the match condition between input cavity and external power source, etc. Based on the kinematical theory, law of induce current, principle of charge Beam loading is an important parameter in extended interaction klystron, which can be used to analyze the influence of beam on resonant frequency and ohm loss Q, and study the match condition between input cavity and external power source, etc. Based on the kinematical theory, law of induce current, principle of charge conservation under the small signal condition, and one-dimensional (1D) mode, the transit time effect of electron in

mode standing wave electric treld in a multiple-gap resonator is analyzed, and the expressions of electron load conductance and electron load susceptance in the multiple-gap resonator are presented. The results show that the electron load conductance of extended interaction cavity can change in a bigger extension than that of traditional single gap cavity, which means that the loaded Q of extended interaction cavity can be adjusted in a bigger extension to realize a desired Q. And the results also show that the electron load susceptance of extended interaction cavity can change in a bigger extension than that of traditional single gap cavity, which means that the loaded frequency of extended interaction cavity can also be easily adjusted to a desired value. The influence of gap number on the power exchange between beam and microwave is also investigated, which shows that the maximum power exchange between beam and microwave electric field increases with the number of resonator gaps increasing, and so does the efficiency of klystron. A W band extended interaction klystron amplifoer is designed by the above theory analysis and three-dimensional (3D) PIC code. The simulation results show that when beam voltage is 20.8 kV, current is 0.28 A, input power is 30 mW at a frequency of 94.77 GHz, the extended interaction klystron can produce 443 W output power. The responding electron efficiency is 7.6%, the gain is 41.7 dB, and the 3 dB bandwidth exceeds 150 MHz. The extended interaction klystron is machined and tested, and the experimental results show that the maximum output power of 175 W is obtained with a beam of 300 mA, a voltage of 20.8 kV, and an input microwave power of 30 mW at a frequency of 95.37 GHz in a magnetic field of 0.62 T. The responding electron efficiency is 2.8%, the gain is 34.6 dB, the 3-dB bandwidth exceeds 90 MHz. This study is meaningful for designing and developing greater power extended interaction klystrons..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084101-1 (2019)

Design of monocentric wide field-of-view and high-resolution computational imaging system

Fei Liu, Ya-Zhe Wei, Ping-Li Han, Jia-Wei Liu, and Xiao-Peng Shao

For simplifying the design process, in this manuscript, we apply the computational imaging theory to optical system design, thereby developing a geometric aberration optimization function to determine the initial values of the desired system by the sound computation rather than repetitive iterations by using the optica

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084201-1 (2019)

Q-plate based dual image asymmetric polarization encryption

Qi-Jun Xu, De-Lin Li, Chen-Liang Chang, Cao-Jin Yuan, Shao-Tong Feng, and Shou-Ping Nie

With the rapid development of computer network technology, information security has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Owing to the characteristics of multi-dimensional operation and parallel processing capability, optical image encryption techniques are arousing great interest in many exciting fields. Since With the rapid development of computer network technology, information security has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Owing to the characteristics of multi-dimensional operation and parallel processing capability, optical image encryption techniques are arousing great interest in many exciting fields. Since the pioneering work on optical image encryption using double random phase encoding technique, a large number of algorithms and architectures have been proposed and realized. However, with the further analysis of the securities of these schemes, most of them have been verified to be vulnerable to different types of attack algorithms. Recently, optical encryption schemes based on the polarization properties of light wave have been extensively studied, for an additional flexibility in the encryption key design is provided, which can achieve high robustness against brute force attack by a combination of multiple private keys. Nevertheless, optical encryption schemes based on the polarization properties of light wave could still be vulnerable to known- and chosen- plaintext attacks. Therefore, in this paper, a novel asymmetric polarization encryption method is implemented for dual images, and combined with interference-based optical image encryption method and a Q-plate. First, the information about the two images to be encrypted is separated into two pure phase plates by means of interference optical image encryption, which will be further encoded into two mutually orthogonally polarized light beams. Next, the Q-plate and pixelated polarizer are used for realizing different polarization distributions of the two light beam. Ultimately, the output intensity distribution is recorded by a charge coupled device (CCD) which will be treated as the final ciphertext. For actualizing the asymmetric encryption, one of the pure phase plates acts as a decryption key, which is different from the encryption key. We can control the polarization state of each pixel according to the parameter q, causing the Q-plate to be electrically controllable and the optic-axis orientation of each pixel to differ from one another. It should be emphasized that the value of q and the polarization angle of the pixelated polarizer play the role of two encryption keys, which improves the security of the algorithm extremely, due to their high sensitiveness. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed encryption scheme..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084202-1 (2019)

Phase in Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency

Dong Yan, Bin-Bin Wang, Wen-Jie Bai, Bing Liu, Xiu-Guo Du, and Chun-Nian Ren

Transmission properties of a weak probe field traveling through a sample of interacting cold 87Rb atoms driven into the three-level ladder configuration, which is a typical Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system, are investigated. Rydberg atoms are considered to be a perfect platform in the resea Transmission properties of a weak probe field traveling through a sample of interacting cold ⁸⁷Rb atoms driven into the three-level ladder configuration, which is a typical Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system, are investigated. Rydberg atoms are considered to be a perfect platform in the research fields of quantum optics and quantum information processing due to some exaggerated properties of Rydberg atoms with high principal quantum number, especially, the dipole-dipole interaction between Rydberg atoms leads to the so-called dipole blockade effect accommodating at most one Rydberg excitation within a mesoscopic volume. The dipole blockade effect may be mapped onto the spectrum of EIT, and the EIT exhibits the cooperative optical nonlinearity which is usually characterized by two indicators, i.e., the probe intensity and the photonic correlation. The cooperative optical nonlinearity is also found here in the phase of transmission spectrum, and the phase can be regarded as the third indicator of nonlinearity in Rydberg EIT. However, there are tremendous differences between the phase and probe transmission (photonic correlation) though they both originate from the conditional polarization. Specifically, the phase is not sensitive to neither the incident probe intensity nor the initial photonic correlation at the resonant probe frequency under the condition of the Autler-Townes (AT) splitting where two other indicators exhibit significant cooperative nonlinearity. The nonlinearity in phase spectrum occurs only in the regime between the resonant probe frequency and the AT splitting and especially is remarkable at the frequency where the probe field is classical. Finally, influence of the principal quantum number and the atomic density on the transmitted phase are examined. In the nonlinear regime, the absolute value of the phase becomes smaller and smaller as the principal quantum number and the atomic density are raised. This indicates that the nonlinearity is strengthened by increasing them. The probe phase provides an attractive supplement to study in depth the cooperative optical nonlinearity in Rydberg EIT and offers us the considerable flexibility to manipulate the propagation and evolution of a quantum light field..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084203-1 (2019)

Measurement of middle infrared spectroscopic parameters of carbon disulfide based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

Lin-Qiang Guan, Hao Deng, Lu Yao, Wei Nie, Zhen-Yu Xu, Xiang Li, Yi-Peng Zang, Mai Hu, Xue-Li Fan, Chen-Guang Yang, and Rui-Feng Kan

Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a toxic volatile sulfur compound with flammability and harmfulness, which can seriously harm the human health and threaten the industrial production safety. Therefore, it is of high importance for monitoring CS2 concentration in the air. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy is very suit Carbon disulfide (CS₂) is a toxic volatile sulfur compound with flammability and harmfulness, which can seriously harm the human health and threaten the industrial production safety. Therefore, it is of high importance for monitoring CS₂ concentration in the air. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy is very suitable for the detection of trace gas for it possesses high sensitivity and fast response. And the precise knowledge of spectroscopic parameters is essential for deducing the CS₂ concentration. However, primary database including HITRAN and GEISA lacks spectroscopic parameters of CS₂. Thus, to address this issue, a measurement system of absorption spectrum is built for determining spectroscopic parameters by using a quantum cascade laser with narrow linewidth and high output power operating near 4.6 um as a light source. In this paper, direct absorption spectroscopy is used to measure the CS₂ absorption spectra under different sample pressures and the environment temperature is controlled at 296 K, which is adjusted by an air conditioner. We intensively study the absorption spectra of CS₂ in a range between 2178.99 and 2180.79 cm^–1.According to the relevant reports and the need of actual measurement, four absorption lines are mainly measured in a range of 2180.5 2180.74 cm^–1. Combining with the multiple linear regression algorithm based on the nonlinear least-square method and Beer-Lambert law, the integrated area and Lorentz line width of measured CS₂ absorption spectrum can be determined. Then the spectroscopic parameters including absorption line intensity and air broadening coefficient are precisely obtained by linearly fitting the integrated areas and Lorentz line widths of CS₂ absorption spectra at different pressures. Moreover, nitrous oxide (N₂O) absorption spectrum with high spectral resolution is measured to calibrate the central position of carbon disulfide absorption line according to its known line position extracted from HITRAN database and the results obtained by etalon. The calculated results show that the uncertainty of line intensity and air broadening coefficient are less than 5% and 15%, respectively. It demonstrates that the measured spectroscopic parameters of four absorption lines for this study can be recorded in the database of HITRAN, which is very important for trace gas sensing of CS₂. In the future, we will further improve the system for measuring CS₂ absorption line parameters to fill in the gaps in their spectral parameters in HITRAN and GEISA databases..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084204-1 (2019)

Research progress of terahertz liquid crystal materials and devices

Lei Wang, Rui-Wen Xiao, Shi-Jun Ge, Zhi-Xiong Shen, Peng Lü, Wei Hu, and Yan-Qing Lu

Liquid crystal (LC) is an excellent tunable functional material which can be controlled by the external stimulus such as electric field, magnetic field and temperature. Terahertz (THz) radiation in a frequency range of 0.1 10.0 THz, has enormous advantages such as a low photon energy, sensitivity to crystal lattice vib Liquid crystal (LC) is an excellent tunable functional material which can be controlled by the external stimulus such as electric field, magnetic field and temperature. Terahertz (THz) radiation in a frequency range of 0.1 10.0 THz, has enormous advantages such as a low photon energy, sensitivity to crystal lattice vibration, magnetic spins, hydrogen bonds, intermolecular interaction, and water, and high transparency to non-conducting materials. The THz technology, therefore, has great potential in a diverse range of applications from spectroscopy, security screening to biomedical technology and high-speed wireless communication. But the development of high-performance LC based tunable THz functional devices is still in its infancy stage. The dispersion of LC refractive index induces a comparatively low birefringence in the THz regime. The lack of transparent electrodes makes the electric tuning of LCs difficult to achieve. To achieve certain modulations requires a very thick THz layer, leading to several disadvantages such as high operating voltage, slow response and poor pre-alignment. In this paper, we first present the research progress of large birefringence LCs in THz range. A room-temperature nematic LC NJU-LDn-4 with an average birefringence greater than 0.3 in a frequency range from 0.5 to 2.5 THz is shown in detail. This kind of LC can remarkably reduce the required cell gap, thus reducing the operating voltage and response time. Then we summarize varieties of conventional THz devices based on LC. Many electrodes are used for THz range. Graphene which can be used as a perfect transparent electrode material in THz band is proposed. Not only tunable transmissive but also reflective THz waveplates are introduced. The thickness of the LC layer of the reflective one can be reduced to ~10% of that needed for the same phase shift at a given frequency in a transmissive waveplate. The same tunability as that in the transmissive type just needs half the thickness. We also introduce that LC can generate THz vortex beam based on a photopatterned large birefringence LC. In the area of LC based versatile THz metamaterial devices, the adjacent units of a metasurface layer, such as a fishnet or grating, are usually connected to each other which may cause low-quality (Q) factor and polarization sensitivity, which is undesirable. We emphasize a graphene-assisted high-efficiency tunable THz metamaterial absorber. Few-layer porous graphene is integrated onto the surface of a metasurface layer to provide a uniform static electric field to efficiently control the LC, thereby enabling flexible metamaterial designs. The THz far-field and near-field with large modulation and fast response are realized. A magnetically and electrically polarization-tunable terahertz emitter that integrates a ferromagnetic heterostructure and the large-birefringence liquid crystals is also demonstrated to be able to generate broadband THz radiation and control the polarization of THz waves perfectly as well as LC based THz reflectarray. Last but not least, a temperature-supersensitive cholesteric LC used for THz detection is shown. It can not only measure the beam profiles but also detect the power values of THz waves generated from a nonlinear crystal pumped by a table-top laser. Quantitative visualization based on not only the thermochromic but also the thermal diffusion effect, can be used conveniently and effectively at room temperature. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of liquid crystal materials and components in THz and discuss the possible prospects of the combination of liquid crystal technology and THz technology. We envision that LCs will play a unique role in THz sources, THz functional devices and THz detectors..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084205-1 (2019)

Tunable mode-selective characteristics of a mode-filter petal-fiber with liquid rods

Zhen-Fei Dai, Wen-Fan Jiang, Ling Wang, Ming-Yang Chen, Yong-Feng Gao, and Nai-Fei Ren

In this paper, a novel tunable mode-filter optical fiber consisting of a high-index core and petal-shaped cladding surrounded by a high-index outer ring is proposed. The cladding of the fiber is formed with periodically arranged liquid rods that support cladding modes with effective indexes. These cladding modes form a

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084206-1 (2019)

Method of statistically characterizing target plane light field properties in inertial confinement fusion device

Jun-Lan Yang, Zhe-Qiang Zhong, Xiao-Feng Weng, and Bin Zhang

In the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion facilities, the irradiation uniformity of the laser beams on the target is a key factor affecting the effective compression of the target. At present, a variety of beam-smoothing techniques have been developed to control the spatiotemporal characteristics of the focal spo In the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion facilities, the irradiation uniformity of the laser beams on the target is a key factor affecting the effective compression of the target. At present, a variety of beam-smoothing techniques have been developed to control the spatiotemporal characteristics of the focal spots. However, many optical components involved in optical transmission links and complex transmission transformations often lead to complex optical transmission. Moreover, when using the diffraction optical method to analyze the shape and characteristics of the focal spots, a lot of data are needed to be processed and calculated, resulting in large calculation and low computational efficiency. It is urgent to find a new and fast method to describe the statistical properties of the focal spots. In addition, in the beam-smoothing technique, since the phase distribution of the continuous phase plate is obtained by multiple iterations of random numbers, although the details of focal spots obtained by different continuous phase plates are not the same, they all have similar statistical properties. Therefore, the modulation of the laser beam by the continuous phase plate can be regarded as the transmission process of the laser beam through a random surface. Although the intensities of the speckle within the focal spot at different locations have the strong randomness, and the random distributions of the target speckles obtained by different beam-smoothing methods are different, the overall distribution satisfies a certain statistical law. In this paper, the light-field properties of the focal spot are described by the statistical characterization method. The circular complex Gaussian random variables are used to directly describe the statistical properties of the target surface light field, and the far-field focal spots obtained by the diffractive optical method and those by the statistical characterization method are compared with each other and analyzed based on the typical focal spot evaluation parameters. The results show that the instantaneous properties of the focal spots obtained by the diffractive optical method and those obtained by the statistical characterization method are basically identical, but their time-integrated far-field focal spots are different. The correlation coefficient can be further used to describe the time-varying properties of the far-field focal spots. Compared with the diffractive optical method, in the numerical calculation process, the statistical characterization method of light field properties can directly obtain the analytical expression of the statistical distribution of the light field according to the statistical properties of the continuous phase plate surface shape. Secondly, this method can avoid the numerical calculation process from near field to far field. Last but not least, there is no need to perform data processing on each point of the light field, which makes things simple and effective and does not require large-scale data storage and processing..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084207-1 (2019)

Guided circumferential wave propagation characteristics for porous cylinder immersed in infinite fluid

Na-Na Su, Qing-Bang Han, and Jian Jiang

Underground water, gas and oil all exist in the fractured or porous strata. Waves that propagate through porous cylinder immersed in infinite fluid are of considerable interest in the estimation of porous parameter, such as an underwater concrete column may present pore characteristics after a long time water immersion Underground water, gas and oil all exist in the fractured or porous strata. Waves that propagate through porous cylinder immersed in infinite fluid are of considerable interest in the estimation of porous parameter, such as an underwater concrete column may present pore characteristics after a long time water immersion. Compared with longitudinal guided wave, circumferential guided wave has its advantages in the ultrasonic nondestructive inspection of porous cylinder. In order to investigate the propagation characteristics of guided waves in a porous cylinder immersed in infinite fluid and analyze the effects of the porous medium parameters on the dispersion characteristic, a model of porous cylinder surrounded by fluid is built. Based on the elastic-dynamic theory and modified liquid-saturated porous theory, the characteristic equation of guided wave is established, and the dispersion curves are obtained numerically. The effects of cylindrical radius and pore parameters on the propagation characteristics of guided waves are discussed; the attenuation characteristics of guided waves are also analyzed; the time domain waveforms of the guided circumferential waves are obtained by numerical inversion, and the influence of porous parameters on waveforms is simulated. It is found that the dispersion curves are similar to that of elastic cylinder in the fluid, there exist multiple mode guided waves and approximate shear velocity of medium for higher modes, and higher order modes are more affected by the radius, but it does not change the tendency of curve. The phase velocity decreases with porosity increasing at the same frequency and the effect of porosity on higher order modes is greater than that on mode 1; due to the dissipation in the medium, the attenuation increases porosity increasing. It can be seen from the transient responses that the wave packets move backward and the displacement amplitude decreases with the porosity increasing. The characteristics of the inversed transient response are in good agreement with theoretical dispersion and attenuation. The results show that the propagation of guided circumferential wave is affected by the pore parameters, especially for porosity, which can provide a theoretical reference for the non-destructive evaluation of the porous cylinder surrounded by infinite fluid..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084301-1 (2019)

Band gap of structure coupling Helmholtz resonator with elastic oscillator

Xin Chen, Hong Yao, Jing-Bo Zhao, Shuai Zhang, Zi-Hou He, and Juan-Na Jiang

In order to improve the low-frequency acoustical insulation performance of Helmholtz phononic crystals, a structure coupling Helmholtz resonator with elastic oscillator is designed. This structure combines the characteristics of Helmholtz resonators with those of the local resonant solid-solid phononic crystals. In thi

In order to improve the low-frequency acoustical insulation performance of Helmholtz phononic crystals, a structure coupling Helmholtz resonator with elastic oscillator is designed. This structure combines the characteristics of Helmholtz resonators with those of the local resonant solid-solid phononic crystals. In this structure, the elastic oscillator is bonded to the inner wall of the conventional Helmholtz resonator by rubber. The structure has two bandgaps in the low-frequency range, i.e. 24.5 47.7 Hz and 237.6 308.6 Hz for a lattice constant of 6 cm. However, for the same lattice constant, the lower limit of the bandgap of the traditional Helmholtz resonator without the elastic oscillator structure is only 42.1 Hz. Our structure reduces the minimum lower limit of the bandgap by 40% compared with the traditional Helmholtz structure and has better low-frequency acoustical insulation characteristics.

In this study, the generation mechanism of the bandgap is analyzed with the sound pressure field and vibration mode. It is found that the elastic oscillator and the air in the air passage of the resonator vibrate in the same direction at the frequency of upper and lower limit for the first bandgap while they vibrate in the reverse direction for the second bandgap. Outside the resonator, air sound pressure is zero at the lower limit of the bandgap. The spring-oscillator system is established as an equivalent model. In the model, the elastic oscillator and the air in the passage are regarded as oscillators, and the air separated by the elastic oscillator, the air outside the resonator, and the rubber connected with the elastic oscillator are all regarded as springs. Besides, it can be found that the air in the resonator shows different equivalent stiffness for different vibration mode.

In the discussion, the effects of structural parameters on the bandgap are studied by theoretical calculation and the finite element method. The results show that when the lattice constant decreases without changing the side length of the resonator, the bandgap width increases without affecting the lower limit of the bandgap. The increase of the length of the air passage can increase the width of the first bandgap while the second bandgap decreases. However, the increase of the mass effect of the elastic oscillator results in the first bandgap width decreasing and the second bandgap width increasing. The increase of the length of the air passage and the mass of the elastic oscillator both can reduce the bandgap frequency. It can be found that the volume of the right cavity only affects the frequency of the second bandgap, while the volume of the left cavity can influence the frequency of each bandgap. Therefore, the shorter distance between the elastic oscillator and the passage, the better low-frequency acoustical insulation performance of the structure can be reached. Finally, the increase of the length of the rubber produces new vibration modes, which leads to the generation of new small bandgaps and the change of the frequency of the original bandgaps. However, it is found that the influence of the mode of vibration on the bandgap is smaller than that of the mass of the elastic oscillator, and the regularity of its impact is not apparent.

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084302-1 (2019)

Ultrasonic echo processing method based on dual-Gaussian attenuation model

Da-Wei Wang, Zhao-Ba Wang, You-Xing Chen, Hai-Yang Li, and Hao-Kun Wang

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing, which is one of the most important and rapidly developed non-destructive testing technologies, is widely used in industrial production and other areas. Signal de-noising and feature extraction, whose performance directly affects the evaluation of non-destructive testing results, are Ultrasonic non-destructive testing, which is one of the most important and rapidly developed non-destructive testing technologies, is widely used in industrial production and other areas. Signal de-noising and feature extraction, whose performance directly affects the evaluation of non-destructive testing results, are the key technologies of ultrasonic non-destructive testing data processing, and also the core elements of ultrasonic non-destructive testing. Therefore, the research on them has important academic significance and practical value. In order to solve the problem of parameter estimation and noise reduction of ultrasonic echo in strong noise background, a novel ultrasonic echo processing method is proposed in this paper. The principle of the proposed method in this paper is as follows. The ultrasonic echo, which is generated by modulating the ultrasonic transducer, has a specific structure, but the noise in practical engineering is usually a Gauss random process, therefore the noise is independent of the ultrasonic signal structure. In this paper, the problem of parameter estimation and noise reduction of ultrasonic echo signal are converted into a function optimization problem by establishing the model of ultrasonic signal, determining the objective function, optimizing the objective function, estimating the parameters, and reconstructing the ultrasonic signal. Firstly, a dual gaussian attenuation mathematical model of ultrasonic signal is established based on practical engineering experience. Secondly, the cosine similarity function, an effective measure of data sequence similarity, is selected as an objective function according to the observed echo and the established ultrasonic signal model. Thirdly, the artificial bee colony algorithm is selected to optimize the objective function to obtain the optimal estimation parameters of the ultrasonic signal from the noisy ultrasonic echo. Fourthly, the estimation of de-noising ultrasonic signal is reconstructed by the optimal parameters based on the established ultrasonic signal mathematical model. The processing results of simulated ultrasonic echoes and measured ultrasonic echoes show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the parameters of ultrasonic signal from strong background noise whose signal-to-noise ratio is lowest, as low as –10 dB. In addition, compared with the adaptive threshold based wavelet method and empirical mode decomposition method, the proposed method in this paper shows the good de-noising performance. Furthermore, compared with the commonly used exponential model and Gaussian model in numerical and simulation analysis, the proposed dual gaussian attenuation mathematical model of ultrasonic signal in this paper can well simulate the measured ultrasonic signal, with a mean square error of 9.4 × 10 ^–5 and normalized correlation coefficient of 0.98..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 084303-1 (2019)

Snoek-type relaxation caused by interstitial atoms in sintered β-type Ti-Nb alloy

Zheng-Cun Zhou, Jie Du, Xiao-Bin Zhu, Yong-Jian Yan, and Xing-Fu Wang

The β-type Ti-Nb alloys are potential shape memory and superelasticity materials. The interstitial atoms in the alloys have important effect on their physical and mechanical properties. For the interstitial atoms, the internal friction technique can be used to detect their distributions and status in the alloys. The in

The β-type Ti-Nb alloys are potential shape memory and superelasticity materials. The interstitial atoms in the alloys have important effect on their physical and mechanical properties. For the interstitial atoms, the internal friction technique can be used to detect their distributions and status in the alloys. The influences of chemical compositions and heat treatments on the microstructures of the containing-oxygen Ti-Nb alloys are given, and a clear understanding and the relaxational mechanism of the internal friction peak correlated with oxygen are also clearly discussed by investigating the internal friction behavior of the alloys and the detecting their microstructures.

The Ti-Nb alloys with different Nb content values are prepared by powder metallurgy. The internal friction behaviors of Ti-Nb alloys with different Nb content values and heat treatments are investigated by using dynamic mechanical analysis (dynamic mechanical analyzer, DMA) Q800 from TA Instruments in single cantilever mode under different testing parameters and conditions from room temperature to 350 ℃. The X-ray diffraction experiments are also carried out in order to detect the differences among the microstructures of the specimens with different heat treatments for the Ti-35.4Nb alloy. It is shown that relaxational internal friction peaks are found on the internal friction temperature dependent curves of the sintered and water-quenched alloys. The internal friction peak is correlated with Nb content. The peak does not appear in the sintered Ti-Nb alloys with low Nb content. The maximum of the internal friction peak appears in the quenched alloy with about 35% Nb. The internal friction peak height increases monotonically with Nb content increasing in the present testing composition range for the sintered alloys. The relaxation parameters are the activation energy H_wq = (1.67 ± 0.1) eV and the preexponential factor τ_owq = 1.1 × 10^{－17 ± 1} s for the quenched Ti-35.4Nb alloy . In addition, the peak height also depends on heat treatment. The water-quenched Ti-35.4Nb alloy has much higher internal friction peak than the as-sintered alloy with identical compositions. The internal friction peak height is also correlated with the quenching temperature. It is found that the peak is linked to the β phase of Ti-Nb alloys and that the peak height is determined by the stability and amount of the β phase from their microstructures. When the stability of the β phase decreases, the peak height increases, and the increase in the amount of β phase results in the increase of the peak height. The β phase in the quenched Ti-35.4Nb specimen is metastable β phase (β_M), which can be transformed into the stable α and β_S by ageing. The β phase in as-sintered specimen is the stable β phase (β_S). The modifications of microstructures of the specimens with different heat treatments result in the difference in peak height between the water-quenched and as-sintered Ti-35.4Nb specimens. That the peak height presents a maximum in the vicinity of 35 wt.% Nb for the quenched alloys results from the variation of the stability and amount of β_M with Nb content. That the height of the peak increases monotonically with Nb content increasing in as-sintered alloys is attributed to the increase of the amount of β_S. It is suggested that the internal friction peak is related to oxygen jump in lattice or the interaction between the oxygen-substitute atoms in β_M phase for the water-quenched alloys and those in β_S phase for the as-sintered alloys.

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 086201-1 (2019)

First-principles calculations of high pressure phase transition of Ce-La-Th alloy

Yan Wang, Qian-Hui Cao, Cui-E Hu, and Zhao-Yi Zeng

The lanthanide and actinide metals and alloys are of great interest in experimental and theoretical high-pressure research, because of the unique behavior of the f electrons under pressure and their delocalization and participation in bonding. Cerium (Ce) metal is the first lanthanide element with a 4f electron. It has The lanthanide and actinide metals and alloys are of great interest in experimental and theoretical high-pressure research, because of the unique behavior of the f electrons under pressure and their delocalization and participation in bonding. Cerium (Ce) metal is the first lanthanide element with a 4f electron. It has a very complex phase diagram and displays intriguing physical and chemical properties. In addition, it is expected to be an excellent surrogate candidate for plutonium (Pu), one of the radioactive transuranic actinides with a 5f electron. The bulk properties and phase transformation characteristics of Ce-based alloys are similar to those of Pu and its compounds. Thus, the investigations of Ce-based alloys are necessary and can potentially advance the understanding of the behavior of Pu. In this work, the equation of state, phase transition, elastic and thermodynamic properties of Ce_0.8La_0.1Th_0.1 alloy at high pressure are investigated by using first-principles calculations based on the density-functional theory. The structural properties of the Ce_0.8La_0.1Th_0.1 alloy are in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data. The lattice constant a decreases with pressure increasing, while c shows an opposite variation. It is found that the lattice parameter c shows abnormal jump. And the critical volume is located at 20.1 ³. The axial ratio jumps from a value of about

(corresponding to the fcc structure) to a higher value, which indicates that the fcc-bct transition occurs. And the corresponding transition pressure is located at ~31.6 GPa. When the pressure rises to 34.9 GPa, the bct structure displays a saturated c/a axial ratio close to about 1.67. The Young's modulus E, shear modulus G and the Debye temperature of the fcc phase tend to be " softened” around the phase transition pressure. The vibrational free energy is obtained by using the quasi-harmonic Debye model. And then the thermodynamic properties including the thermal equation of state, heat capacity and entropy under high pressure and high temperature are also predicted successfully. The results show that the heat capacity and entropy increase rapidly with temperature increasing, and decrease with pressure increasing. The high pressure can suppress part of the anharmonicity caused by temperature..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 086401-1 (2019)

Mechanism of phonon scattering by under-coordinated atoms on surface

Long-Hua Huo, and Guo-Feng Xie

Because of high surface-to-volume ratio (SVR), the most prominent size effect limiting thermal transport originates from the phonon-surface scattering in nanostructures. Here in this work, we propose the mechanism of phonon scattering by the under-coordinated atoms on surface, and derive the phonon scattering rate of t

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 086501-1 (2019)

Molecular dynamics simulation of characteristic water molecular arrangement on graphene surface and wetting transparency of graphene

Chao Shi, Chen-Sen Lin, Shuo Chen, and Jun Zhu

Graphene has received a lot of attention for its excellent physical and chemical properties, and the unique wettability of graphene is still under investigation. Most of previous studies focused on graphene or carbon nanotubes, and less of them on the comparison of wettability between graphene and other materials to re Graphene has received a lot of attention for its excellent physical and chemical properties, and the unique wettability of graphene is still under investigation. Most of previous studies focused on graphene or carbon nanotubes, and less of them on the comparison of wettability between graphene and other materials to reveal the characteristic wettability of graphene. In the present study, the wettability of monolayer graphene, copper and silica are studied by using the molecular dynamics simulation, in which the contact angle and the water molecule arrangement (i.e. density distribution and angle distribution of water molecules) on the substrates are analyzed. The results show that although both copper and graphene are weak hydrophilic materials, there are two neat layers of water molecule structure on the surface of graphene, and water molecules are disordered on the surface of copper. Silica is a kind of strong hydrophilic material and graphene is a kind of weak hydrophilic material, but both of them have two layers of dense water molecule layer, which are in different states, on the surface. On the silica surface, the two layers of water molecules, whose densities are greatly different, are close to the substrate, and hydrogen bonds are randomly arranged, which is very different from the arrangement of water molecules on the graphene surface. By making a comparison of wettability among the three materials, the characteristic water molecule arrangement on graphene surface is obtained: there exist two layers of water molecules on the surface of graphene. Within the dense layer of water molecules near the substrate, the angles between the O H bonds of water molecule and the vertical direction of substrate focus on 90°, while the hydrogen bonds on the surface are almost perpendicular to the substrate. Furthermore, it is found that adding a layer of graphene on copper (the main force between water molecules and copper is van der Waals force) will have a less influence on copper wettability. However, adding a layer of graphene on silica (the main force between water molecule and silica is from chemical bonds) will have a significant influence on the wettability of silica, i.e. not only the upper contact angle increases significantly, but also the arrangement of water molecules on the surface of the substrate becomes similar to that of graphene. These simulated results are found to be in agreement with the experimental results of Rafiee et al. [Rafiee J, Mi X, Gullapalli H, Thomas A V, Yavari F, Shi Y, Ajayan P M, Koratkar N A 2012Nature11 217]. This work can provide a theoretical guidance for further developing the applications of graphene in microstructure design..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 086801-1 (2019)

Effect of intrinsic defects and copper impurities co-existing on electromagnetic optical properties of ZnO: First principles study

Mei-Ling Zhang, Yu-Hong Chen, Cai-Rong Zhang, and Gong-Ping Li

For ZnO which is not magnetic itself, it is of great significance to study the source of ferromagnetism and its photoelectric properties when Cu doped ZnO coexists with internal defects. The effects of intrinsic defects on the electronic structures, magnetic and optical properties of Cu-doped ZnO (CuZn) are studied by For ZnO which is not magnetic itself, it is of great significance to study the source of ferromagnetism and its photoelectric properties when Cu doped ZnO coexists with internal defects. The effects of intrinsic defects on the electronic structures, magnetic and optical properties of Cu-doped ZnO (Cu_Zn) are studied by using first principle calculations based on the density functional theory combined with the Hubbard U (DFT + U_d + U_p). The results indicate that the doped Cu is a substitute acceptor, and the manufacturing environment plays an important role in forming the Cu_Zn with internal defects. Under the oxygen-rich condition, the doped Cu is favorable for forming internal defects, and the Cu_Zn—O_i bonds are easily formed. On the contrary, the Cu-doped ZnO is not conducive to forming internal defects under the O-poor condition. The 3d electrons of the substitute Cu form the unoccupied accepter energy level at the top of valence band, generating p-type conduction. Comparing with Cu_Zn system, the carrier concentration of positive hole decreases in Cu_Zn-V_O system and the conductivity is poor. In the Cu_Zn-V_Zn system, the number of carrier holes is almost constant, and the conductivity has no effect. In the Cu_Zn-O_i model, the carrier concentration of positive holes increases and the conductivity gets better. The pure ZnO system exhibits non-magnetic behavior. The study also reveals that the smaller the electro-negativity, the greater the contribution to magnetic moment is when O atom is connected with Cu atom. The magnetic moments in Cu_Zn and Cu_Zn-O_i system are mainly generated by the coupling between the Cu 3d and the O 2p orbital on the c axis. When V_O and V_Zn exist in Cu_Zn, the magnetic moment is mainly caused by the strong coupling of Cu 3d with O 2p in ab plane. In the presence of V_Zn in Cu_Zn, the magnetism also contains the contribution of the spin polarization of O(5, 6) atoms around V_Zn. In the defect states of Cu_Zn-V_Zn and Cu_Zn-O_i, the induced states in the deep energy levels are generated by the interaction between the O-O 2s orbital electrons. The reduced optical band gap of the Cu_Zn model results in the red shift of absorption spectrum. The enhanced absorption and reflection of the Cu_Zn-V_Zn model reduce the transmission..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087101-1 (2019)

Mobility edges of bosonic pairs in one-dimensional quasi-periodical lattices

Zhi-Hao Xu, Hong-Li Huangfu, and Yun-Bo Zhang

Mobility edge as one of the most important concepts in a disordered system in which there exists an energy dependent conductor-to-insulator transition has aroused great interest. Unlike an arbitrarily small disorder inducing the Anderson localization in one-dimensional random potential, the well-known Aubry-André

Two strongly interacting bosons are trapped in an incommensurate model, which is described as $\hat H = - J\sum\limits_j{} {\left( {\hat c_j^\dagger {{\hat c}_{j + 1}} + {\rm{h}}{\rm{.c}}{\rm{.}}} \right)} + 2\lambda \sum\limits_j{} {\dfrac{{\cos \left( {2{\text{π}}\alpha j} \right)}}{{1 - b\cos \left( {2{\text{π}}\alpha j} \right)}}} {\hat n_j} + \dfrac{U}{2}\sum\limits_j{} {{{\hat n}_j}\left( {{{\hat n}_j} - 1} \right)} ,$ where there exists no interaction, the system displays mobility edges at $b\varepsilon = 2(J - \lambda )$, which separates the extended regime from the localized one and b = 0 is the standard Aubry-André model. By applying the perturbation method to the third order in a strong interaction case, we can induce an effective Hamiltonian for bosonic pairs. In the small b case, the bosonic pairs present the mobility edges in a simple closed expression form $b\left( {\dfrac{{{E^2}}}{U} - E - \dfrac{4}{E}} \right) = - 4\left(\dfrac{1}{E} + \lambda \right)$, which is the central result of the paper. In order to identify our results numerically, we define a normalized participation ratio (NPR) $\eta (E)$ to discriminate between the extended properties of the many-body eigenvectors and the localized ones. In the thermodynamic limit, the NPR tends to 0 for a localized state, while it is finite for an extended state. The numerical calculations finely coincide with the analytic results for b = 0 and small b cases. Especially, for the b = 0 case, the mobility edges of the bosonic pairs are described as $\lambda = - 1/E$<.showLess

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087201-1 (2019)

Quantum transport relating to impurity quantum dots in silicon nanostructure transistor

Xin-Yu Wu, Wei-Hua Han, and Fu-Hua Yang

As the characteristic size of the transistor approaches to its physical limit, the effect of impurities on device performance becomes more and more significant. The number of impurities and the range of impurity fluctuation become very limited in channel space less than 10 nm, and ionized impurities in local nano-space As the characteristic size of the transistor approaches to its physical limit, the effect of impurities on device performance becomes more and more significant. The number of impurities and the range of impurity fluctuation become very limited in channel space less than 10 nm, and ionized impurities in local nano-space can even exhibit quantum dot characteristics, providing two discrete levels for charge transport. The behaviour of carrier tunnelling through quantum dots induced by ionized impurities can reveal the abundant quantum information, such as impurity ionization energy, coulomb interaction energy, electron activation energy, orbital level filling, and spin of local electrons. Quantum transport properties are also different in different doping concentrations because whether the quantum states overlap depends on the impurity atom spacing. The silicon nanostructure transistors using impurity atoms as building blocks of quantum transport are also called dopant atom transistors, which are not only compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, but also expected to be the basic components of quantum computing circuits in the future. So far, their operating temperature is relatively low due to the shallow ground state energy level of impurity atoms. It is of great significance to study the quantum transport properties in dopant atom transistors and to observe quantum effects among them at room temperature. In this article, the quantum transport properties in single, discrete and coupled impurity atomic systems are described in detail by combining Anderson localization theory and Hubbard band model. Quantum transport in a discrete impurity atomic system is not only controlled by gate voltage, but also dependent on temperature. The current transport spectrum in the coupled impurity atomic system reveals more complex quantum dot characteristics. Single atom transistor can regulate quantum transport only by one impurity atom, which represents the ultimate scale limit of solid state devices. In addition, the methods of improving the operating temperature of dopant atom transistors are also systematically introduced, thereby laying a foundation for their practical applications..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087301-1 (2019)

Ferroelectricity of flexible Pb(Zr_0.53Ti_0.47)O₃ thin film at high temperature

Min Li, Xin-Na Shi, Ze-Lin Zhang, Yan-Da Ji, Ji-Yu Fan, and Hao Yang

Recently, flexible electronic devices have attracted extensive attention due to their characteristics of flexibility, miniaturization and portability. Flexible functional oxide thin films with high performance and stability are the basis for high-performance flexible electronic devices. Perovskite lead zirconate titana

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087302-1 (2019)

Optical properties of BaTiO₃ and its volume effects

Zhi-Zheng Sun, Wei Xun, Jia-Yong Zhang, Chuan-Yang Liu, Jia-Lin Zhong, and Yin-Zhong Wu

BaTiO3 (BTO) is a typical studying object both in ferroelectrics and in material science. By the GW method, optical property of BTO is investigated, and its volume effect under the case of iso-strain is also studied. It is found that the results of excited states are closer to the experimental results with the consider

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087801-1 (2019)

Ultrathin flexible transmission metamaterial absorber

Peng Yang, Jin Qin, Jin Xu, and Tian-Cheng Han

In conclusion, we propose both theoretically and experimentally a polarization-controlled transmission-type dual-band metamaterial absorber that can absorb the TE waves and transmit the TM wave efficiently, which has important applications in the case requiring bidirectional communication.

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087802-1 (2019)

Crystal structure and optical properties of GaAs nanowires

Peng-Hua Wang, Ji-Long Tang, Yu-Bin Kang, Xuan Fang, Dan Fang, Deng-Kui Wang, Feng-Yuan Lin, Xiao-Hua Wang, and Zhi-Peng Wei

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanowires are epitaxially grown on an N-type Si (111) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy according to self-catalysis growth mechanism. Testing the grown nanowires by scanning electron microscope, it is found that the nanowires have high verticality and good uniformity in length and diameter. Va

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 087803-1 (2019)

Tilting fan beam back-projection filtration algorithm for local reconstruction in helical cone-beam computed tomography

Xiao-Qi Xi, Yu Han, Lei Li, and Bin Yan

Dose reduction becomes one of the hot research fields in the most commonly used helical computed tomography (CT) for clinical diagnostic. Local imaging using a collimator can effectively lower the CT radiation dose by reducing the direct irradiation area. Due to the limitation of the exposing area, the projection data Dose reduction becomes one of the hot research fields in the most commonly used helical computed tomography (CT) for clinical diagnostic. Local imaging using a collimator can effectively lower the CT radiation dose by reducing the direct irradiation area. Due to the limitation of the exposing area, the projection data used for local imaging reconstruction are usually truncated, resulting in local reconstruction problems. The key in local image reconstruction is how to deal with the horizontal truncation of the projection data. The helical cone beam back-projection filtration (BPF) algorithm only needs to ensure the integrity of the projections of PI line to realize the reconstruction of the entire PI line, making local reconstruction possible. Due to the complexity and irregularity of the spatial distribution of PI lines, the existing helical BPF algorithms can only realize local surface reconstruction, whereas the local volume reconstruction is difficult. For the BPF algorithm in designing the PI line and the sampling points in helical cone beam CT and the difficulty in local volume reconstruction, the tilted fan-beam back-projection filtration (TFB-BPF) reconstruction algorithm is proposed by utilizing the weighted correction and coordinate expansion, based on the circular fan beam BPF. The algorithm divides the reconstruction area into several slices, constructs the inclined fan beam geometry for each layer, and slice-by-slice reconstruction is conducted by using the weighted modified tilted fan beam BPF algorithm. The most powerful feature of the algorithm is that the filter line, equivalent to the PI line in the original helical BPF algorithm, is selected in a two-dimensional plane. Therefore, it is more concise and efficient and can be applied to the reconstruction of local volume regions. In this paper, the helical cone beam CT imaging geometry and the original helical cone beam BPF algorithm are introduced. Then, the TFB-BPF reconstruction algorithm is deduced. Experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively realize the local volume reconstruction and overall improved image quality without obvious truncation artifacts..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 088701-1 (2019)

Ground verification system of X-ray pulsar navigation with multi-physical properties

Hai-Yan Fang, Shao-Peng Cong, Hai-Feng Sun, Xiao-Ping Li, Jian-Yu Su, Li Zhang, and Li-Rong Shen

Navigation ground verification is an essential part of X-ray pulsar navigation (XPNAV) research. Aiming at the need of real and continuous pulsar signals for navigation algorithm verification, and to avoid the difficulties and high costs of X-ray modulation and detection, we propose an XPNAV ground verification system Navigation ground verification is an essential part of X-ray pulsar navigation (XPNAV) research. Aiming at the need of real and continuous pulsar signals for navigation algorithm verification, and to avoid the difficulties and high costs of X-ray modulation and detection, we propose an XPNAV ground verification system based on visible light source. In this system, the pulsar signal model at the solar system barycenter and the orbit information are used to establish the real-time photon arrival rate function at a spacecraft, and then the rate function is digitized and converted into voltage signal by the designed hardware system to drive a linear light source. After the processes of light attenuation, signal detection and pulse discrimination are experienced, the real-time photon time of arrivals (TOAs) at a spacecraft can be achieved. These photon TOAs contain characteristics of the pulsar profiles and frequency, the time propagation effect in the solar system, and cosmic X-ray background. The system uses semi-physical devices to modulate and attenuate visible light, and judges whether the spacecraft can observe the navigation pulsar according to the real position, thereby realizing the simulation of X-ray propagation in space. At present, the detection method of pulsar observation with single detector include detection of single pulsar, time division detection of multiple pulsars, and simultaneous detection of multiple pulsars. The system has four channels, each of which has three output modes mentioned above, and can support the verification of multiple navigation modes. This system consists of signal simulator and controller, single photon generator and detector, single photon screening and time tagging, and navigation algorithm verification. This paper presents the testing results of the system characteristics, the authenticity of the simulated photon arrival time series and the navigation verification. Monte Carlo experiments show that the recording accuracy of photon arrival time is 10 ns and the delays of the four channels are (11 ± 2), (15 ± 4), (14 ± 3), and (16 ± 4)

${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$

, respectively. The multi-physical properties of simulated photon arrival time series are introduced in detail, including photon flux, shape of observation profile, pulsar frequency characteristics and Doppler shift. The position and velocity errors of autonomous navigation algorithm test are 13.587 km and 14.277 m·s^–1, respectively, with an orbital altitude 26610 km and within 10 h. The ground verification system adopts master-slave control mode, the master computer mainly implements parameter setting and navigation algorithm verification, and the slave computer mainly carry out pulsar signal simulation. The communication based on TCP/IP protocol is applied to realize parameter transmission and real-time control between the master and slave computers in navigation verification process. The results of performance and functional test show that the system is available to accomplish the simulation of photon TOAs of X-ray pulsars at a spacecraft in real time and implement the ground verification of XPNAV..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 089701-1 (2019)

Research Articles

Influence of mass sample thickness on quantitative analysis of neutron activation and its modification

Yuan-Ming Sun, Xu Xu, Wan-Yue Tang, Yi Chang, Jing-Bin Lu, Long Zhao, and Yu-Min Liu

With traditional neutron activation analysis, the increase of sample quality leads to some problems in both irradiation process and measurement process. These problems include the neutron flux gradient in the range of the sample, the decrease of the thermal neutron flux rate around the sample and the influence of self-With traditional neutron activation analysis, the increase of sample quality leads to some problems in both irradiation process and measurement process. These problems include the neutron flux gradient in the range of the sample, the decrease of the thermal neutron flux rate around the sample and the influence of self-shielding in the sample in the irradiation process, In the process of measurement, the self-attenuation of γ-ray in the sample and the geometric effect of the sample lead to the effect of the detector on the measurement of characteristic γ-ray emissivity due to the difference in the detection efficiency of each point of the sample. So the neutron activation analysis of mass sample needs to make some additional modifications. By using the neutron activation analysis technique, the content of ²⁴Mg and ²⁸Si in a large amount of flour can be detected, and the content of talc powder in the flour can be given, so that the quality of flour can be monitored. The flour mainly contains C, H, O, N, Ca, and F element, but the main chemical constituent of talc powder is Mg₃[Si₄0₁₀](OH)₂. Therefore, the measured content of Si and Mg element can be used to judge whether the flour contains talcum powder and to determine its exact content. When the content of ²⁴Mg and ²⁸Si in flour are measured by the neutron activation analysis, the variation of neutron flux and energy with thickness in the measured sample and the effect of γ-ray self-absorption will have great influence on the measurement results. The relationship between the neutron flux and energy and the thickness of the sample is simulated by MCNP5 (Monte Carlo N-particle transport code system 5), and the neutron fluxes at different thickness of the sample are measured by a ³He proportional counter tube. The results show that the simulation results of MCNP5 are basically consistent with the experimental results. Using the simulation by MCNP5 and the measurements by a sodium iodide detector, the relationship between γ-ray self-absorption effect and sample thickness is studied, and the sample thickness is determined to be 6.6.cm that is adopted as an optimal experimental condition. Based on the simulated data, the function relationship between the counting of 1.779 MeV γ-ray and the thickness of the sample is obtained as follows: A = 1401 + 3815x – 720x² + 64x³ – 2.8x⁴ + 0.05x⁵. The curve trend of the experimental results is basically the same as that of the simulation results..

Acta Physica Sinica

Publication Date: Jan. 01, 1900
Vol. 68, Issue 8, 082801-1 (2019)

Research Articles