China is a big country for the production and consumption of duck eggs and duck meat. For this reason, a large number of ducklings need to be hatched each year to meet production needs. Since the Infertile egg cannot hatch the duckling during the hatching process, it can be avoided by eliminating it as early as possible. At present, it is necessary to carry out artificial photographing eggs in the country for about 7 days after hatching, so that the infertile eggs can be removed. For the low-efficiency and elimination of artificial eggs, there is no edible value problem. In this paper, the duck eggs before hatching were taken as research objects, and the visible/near-infrared transmission spectroscopy combined with the convolutional neural network was used to realize the duck eggs before hatching Non-destructive identification of fertilization information. The method preprocesses the acquired 400~1 000 nm raw spectral information (removing the noise band and Savitzky-Golay convolution smoothing) to eliminate noise and extraneous information, and applies the competitive adaptive re-weighting algorithm (CARS) and continuous projection algorithm (SPA) to select the characteristic wavelengths, and converts the selected characteristic wavelengths into spectral two-dimensional information matrix. The spectral two-dimensional information matrix can not only represent the effective information of the characteristic spectrum, but also can transmit the spectral information to the neural network for training. For the characteristics of spectral data, the network is too deep to cause over-fitting of the model, and the shallow network will cause under-fitting of the model. A four-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) is built to train the spectral information, including three convolutional layers and one fully-connected layer. The convolutional layer is used to extract the spectral two-dimensional information matrix automatically. Effective information, the fully connected layer is integrated for the output layer by integrating the local features extracted by the convolutional layer. In addition, the introduction of local corresponding normalization layer, pooling layer and dropout in the convolutional neural network can accelerate the convergence speed of the network and prevent model overfitting. The accuracy of the model training set established by the SPA extracted feature wavelength is 97.71%, the test set accuracy rate is 97.41%, and the verification set accuracy rate is 98.29%. The model training set accuracy rate established by CARS extraction is 97.42%, the test set accuracy rate 97.41%, the verification set accuracy rate is 97.44%, the traditional machine learning model test set established using the characteristic wavelengths extracted by SPA and CARS has a precision of only 87.39%. The results show that the combination of deep learning and spectroscopy can realize the non-destructive identification of the fertilization information of duck eggs before hatching, which can provide efficient, non-destructive and rapid model support for the subsequent development of dynamic online detection equipment.