The excavation of bizili cemetery is an important archaeological discovery in the southern margin of the Tarim Basin in recent years. Which further enriches the archaeological materials at the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain and the south of the silk road. This paper presents the study of the colored coffin from bizili cemetery in Luopu County of Xinjiang, China. The techniques applied include Carbon-14 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS-14C), Scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy and Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) -Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results show that the colored coffin dates back to the northern and southern dynasties of ancient china ［(1 520±25) B. P］; Characteristic markers of indigo 2-Amino-benzoic acid, methyl ester and 2-(methylamino)-benzoic acid, methyl ester were detected by Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), which shows blue colour was made with plant dye indigo C16H10O2N2. In addition to the plant dye indigo, the other pigments used in colored coffin are some common mineral pigments in Xinjiang, mainly includes: Gypsum (CaSO4, white), iron oxide red (Fe2O3, red), carbon black (C, black); Drying oil, protein-egg white and Gum Benzoin were determined as binding media in the colored painting. The detection of this information not only further improves the basic information of the colored coffin, but also plays an important supporting role in the further research, repair and protection of the colored coffin in the future. In addition, the analysis of blue pigment and binding medium by THM-Py-GC/MS showed that Py-GC/MS has the advantages of high sensitivity, structure information can be obtained from very small amounts of samples without any preliminary processing, and it is also easy to operate compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group were methylated by THM-Py-GC/MS with TMAH. The higher polar molecules were translated into low polarity molecules, which increased the volatility of pyrolysis products and further improved the chromatographic separation effect. Therefore, THM-Py-GC/MS has great potential in rapid identification of natural organic materials in cultural relics.